Tiling with Tetrominoes

This entry is part 37 of 71 in the series Durtles Problems of the Weeks
Problem of the Week #37: Monday September 18th, 2023
As before, these problems are the results of me following my curiosity, and I make no promises regarding the topics, difficulty, solvability of these problems.
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These are all the possible tetrominoes:

All five tetrominoes.

Let’s consider tiling square grids with these.  Pieces can be rotated, reflected, and repeated as needed.  For example, here are a couple of ways to tile the 3×3 grid using tetrominoes:

One 3x3 grid with the center filled in as gray, three spaces in the left column and the bottom middle space are yellow, the rest are orange.

Another 3x3 grid with bottom left space filled in gray, the 3 spaces in the right column and the top middle space are yellow, and the rest blue.

Notice that in the 3×3 grid there will always be one space left after all others are tiled.  We can place this space anywhere on in the grid.

a). Find a way to tile the 3×3 grid if the leftover space is in the middle column of the top row.

b). How many ways are there to tile the 3×3 grid using tetrominoes and one left over space?

c). How many left over spaces do we need when tiling a 4×4 grid using tetrominoes?

d). How many ways are there to tile a 4×4 grid using tetrominoes?

e). How many left over spaces do we need when tiling an nxn grid?

f). How many ways are there to tile an nxn grid using tetrominoes?

g). Share your own problem inspired by this one.

h). Give one of these questions to a friend/colleague/student/family member to start a mathematical discussion.

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